Costa Rica’s Environmental Paradox: The Struggle Between Conservation and Progress

Costa Rica’s Environmental Paradox: The Struggle Between Conservation and Progress

In the serene landscape of Cartago province, Costa Rica, José Sanchez, a 68-year-old local, observes a stark transformation. Where dense forests once stood, now sprawl vast fields of cabbage and potato. This shift isn’t just a change in scenery; it’s a symbol of Costa Rica’s evolving battle with environmental challenges, from deforestation to agrochemical pollution.

The Fading Green: A Forest’s Transformation

Sanchez reminisces about a past where Cerro Pasquí’s hills were lush with forests, not stripped for agriculture. This loss of greenery is a visible sign of the country’s struggle to balance environmental preservation with agricultural expansion.

Chemical Crisis: The Silent Danger in the Water

The increased agricultural activities have brought a surge in agrochemical use. One such chemical, chlorothalonil – a fungicide banned in parts of Europe and now in Costa Rica – has infiltrated the springs of Santa Rosa de Oreamuno and Cipreces. This contamination poses a direct threat to nearly 9,000 residents, compelling truck deliveries of potable water as a temporary solution. Sanchez, who oversees the water supply, fears a broader impact that could potentially affect 65,000 people.

Beyond Personal Concern: A Legacy at Stake

Sanchez’s worry extends beyond himself to future generations. “We claim to be an environmentally-conscious nation, but reality paints a different picture,” he laments.

A Banned Substance, But Lingering Woes

Despite recent bans, the issues of water and farmland pollution remain pressing. Costa Rica, surprisingly, is among the highest users of pesticides globally. In 2022, less than 90% of its population had access to a reliable water supply, a worrying statistic for a country rich in natural resources.

The Green Facade: Costa Rica’s Environmental Image

Costa Rica has long been lauded for its forest protection and conservation efforts. However, challenges persist, including high fossil fuel consumption and unchecked urban growth. The reality of environmental degradation contrasts starkly with the country’s global image of sustainability.

Budget Cuts and Ecosystem Overwhelm: The Tourism Tug-of-War

As tourism inflates, environmental programs suffer budget cuts, and ecosystems strain under the pressure. The new government under Rodrigo Chaves appears to favor economic development over environmental protection, reigniting debates over fossil fuel exploration.

A Rough Patch: The Shift in Priorities

Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, a former environment minister and current leader of the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), notes a shift in focus. Post-pandemic economic recovery seems to overshadow environmental concerns. “Productive logic now dominates,” says current environment minister, Franz Tattenbach.

Marine Resources: A New Frontier for Costa Rica

The foreign minister, Arnoldo André Tinoco, stresses the need for sustainable management of Costa Rica’s vast marine territory. “It’s about sustainable use, not just conservation,” he states.

Anti-Environmental Narratives: A Step Backward?

Recent reports indicate a resurgence of narratives opposing environmental preservation, potentially regressing to unsustainable management of water, energy, and soil.

Energy and Emissions: The Unseen Environmental Cost

Despite almost 100% renewable electricity production, changing rainfall patterns and increasing fuel imports highlight a reliance on non-renewable energy sources. Road transport emissions and air pollution levels are rising concerns.

A Green Country in Crisis?

While Costa Rica is celebrated for reversing deforestation and committing to a net-zero future, challenges such as increasing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions persist. The OECD report warns of growing pressures on the environment due to rising living standards and climate change.

Tourism vs. Conservation: The Case of Manuel Antonio National Park

Manuel Antonio national park, the most visited by foreigners, exemplifies the conflict between nature conservation and tourism. The park’s high visitor numbers threaten its diverse ecosystems.

Environmental Policy Shifts: A Risk to Reputation

Rafael Gutiérrez, a former environment official, observes a weakening in environmental controls and budget cuts. “The environment is increasingly seen as an obstacle to development,” he notes.

Costa Rica’s Green Legacy: At a Crossroads

The country’s environmental legacy, once a beacon of hope, now faces critical challenges. As co-organizer of the World Ocean Conference 2025, Costa Rica’s credibility is under scrutiny. “We used to break paradigms,” says Rodríguez, emphasizing the need for Costa Rica to reclaim its role as an environmental pioneer.